Construct Validity and Experience of Using a Low-cost Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery Simulator.

Objective To validate the low-cost model for arthroscopy training and analyze the acceptance and usefulness of the developed simulator in medical teaching and training. Method Ten medical students, ten third-year orthopedic residents, and ten shoulder surgeons performed predetermined tasks on a shoulder simulator twice. The parameters used were time to complete the tasks, number of looks at the hands, GOALS score (Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills) and comparison between groups and within groups. An adapted Likert scale was applied addressing the individuals' impressions about the simulator and its applicability. Results In the intergroup comparison, the shoulder surgeons had better scores and times than the other groups. When the tasks were repeated, the group of surgeons had a 59% improvement in time (p < 0.05), as did the group of medical students. In the GOALS score, shoulder surgeons had consistently better scores than the other groups. And when we evaluated the evolution from the first to the second test, the group of surgeons and the group of academics had a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05). In terms of lookdowns, there was a decrease in all groups. There was consensus that the simulator is useful in training. Conclusion The simulator developed allowed the differentiation between individuals with different levels of training in arthroscopic surgery. It was accepted by 100% of the participants as a useful tool in arthroscopic shoulder surgical training.

Measurement of Clavicular Symmetry in Healthy Subjects Using Tomographic Database of Public Hospitals.

Objective This study aimed to perform an imaging evaluation to prove the existence or not of symmetry between the clavicles of healthy subjects from Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, and identify potential factors influencing the clavicular length. Method The study analyzed chest computed tomography (CT) scans of 211 patients with no clavicular fracture or malformations (100 women and 111 men). We measured the greatest clavicular diagonal on both sides, and the software automatically generated the maximum distance in millimeters. Relative and absolute frequencies described qualitative variables and mean values; quantitative variables used a 95% confidence interval. Value comparisons employed the student's t-test, and correlations determinations used Pearson's correlation coefficient. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results There was a significant difference between the clavicular length (right clavicle, 143.58 mm; left clavicle, 145.72 mm; p = 0.037), indicating asymmetry. On average, the left clavicle was 3.71 mm larger. Asymmetry was significant for both men and women (p < 0.001). The average difference was 4.13 mm for men and 3.23 mm for women. Seventy-three percent of the sample had < 5 mm of asymmetry, 23.7% had 5 to 10 mm, and 3.3% had > 10 mm of asymmetry. Conclusion The studied population did not present clavicular symmetry. On average, the left clavicle was longer than the right clavicle, with differences of 3.71 mm in the general sample, 3.23 mm in women, and 4.13 mm in men. The only significant factor was gender since men presented longer clavicles and higher differences than women.

Construct Validity and Experience of Using a Low-cost Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery Simulator / Validação de constructo e experiência de uso de um simulador de artroscopia de ombro de baixo custo

Abstract Objective To validate the low-cost model for arthroscopy training and analyze the acceptance and usefulness of the developed simulator in medical teaching and training. Method Ten medical students, ten third-year orthopedic residents, and ten shoulder surgeons performed predetermined tasks on a shoulder simulator twice. The parameters used were time to complete the tasks, number of looks at the hands, GOALS score (Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills) and comparison between groups and within groups. An adapted Likert scale was applied addressing the individuals' impressions about the simulator and its applicability. Results In the intergroup comparison, the shoulder surgeons had better scores and times than the other groups. When the tasks were repeated, the group of surgeons had a 59% improvement in time (p < 0.05), as did the group of medical students. In the GOALS score, shoulder surgeons had consistently better scores than the other groups. And when we evaluated the evolution from the first to the second test, the group of surgeons and the group of academics had a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05). In terms of lookdowns, there was a decrease in all groups. There was consensus that the simulator is useful in training. Conclusion The simulator developed allowed the differentiation between individuals with different levels of training in arthroscopic surgery. It was accepted by 100% of the participants as a useful tool in arthroscopic shoulder surgical training.

Resumo Objetivo Validar o modelo de baixo custo para treinamento em artroscopia e analisar a aceitação e utilidade do simulador desenvolvido no ensino e treinamento médico. Método Dez acadêmicos do curso de medicina, dez residentes do terceiro ano em ortopedia e dez cirurgiões de ombro realizaram tarefas pré determinadas em um simulador de ombro duas vezes. Os parâmetros utilizados foram o tempo para completar as tarefas, quantidade de olhares para as mãos, escore de GOALS (Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills) e comparados entre os grupos e intragrupos. Uma escala de Likert adaptada foi aplicada abordando as impressões dos indivíduos acerca do simulador e de sua aplicabilidade. Resultados Na comparação intergrupos, os cirurgiões de ombro tiveram melhores escores e tempos que os demais grupos. Quando as tarefas foram repetidas, o grupo de cirurgiões, teve uma melhora de 59% no tempo (p < 0,05), assim como no grupo de acadêmicos. No escore de GOALS os cirurgiões de ombro apresentaram escores consistentemente melhores que os demais grupos. E quando avaliamos a evolução do primeiro para o segundo teste, o grupo de cirurgiões e o grupo de acadêmicos tiveram melhora estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05). No quesito de lookdowns houve diminuição em todos os grupos. Houve consenso em que o simulador é útil no treinamento. Conclusão O simulador desenvolvido permitiu a diferenciação entre indivíduos com diferentes níveis de treinamento em cirurgia artroscópica. Foi aceito por 100% dos participantes como uma ferramenta útil no treinamento cirúrgico artroscópico do ombro.

Measurement of Clavicular Symmetry in Healthy Subjects Using Tomographic Database of Public Hospitals / Mensuração de simetria clavicular em indivíduos saudáveis utilizando-se de banco de dados tomográficos de hospitais públicos

Abstract Objective This study aimed to perform an imaging evaluation to prove the existence or not of symmetry between the clavicles of healthy subjects from Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, and identify potential factors influencing the clavicular length. Method The study analyzed chest computed tomography (CT) scans of 211 patients with no clavicular fracture or malformations (100 women and 111 men). We measured the greatest clavicular diagonal on both sides, and the software automatically generated the maximum distance in millimeters. Relative and absolute frequencies described qualitative variables and mean values; quantitative variables used a 95% confidence interval. Value comparisons employed the student's t-test, and correlations determinations used Pearson's correlation coefficient. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results There was a significant difference between the clavicular length (right clavicle, 143.58 mm; left clavicle, 145.72 mm; p = 0.037), indicating asymmetry. On average, the left clavicle was 3.71 mm larger. Asymmetry was significant for both men and women (p < 0.001). The average difference was 4.13 mm for men and 3.23 mm for women. Seventy-three percent of the sample had < 5 mm of asymmetry, 23.7% had 5 to 10 mm, and 3.3% had > 10 mm of asymmetry. Conclusion The studied population did not present clavicular symmetry. On average, the left clavicle was longer than the right clavicle, with differences of 3.71 mm in the general sample, 3.23 mm in women, and 4.13 mm in men. The only significant factor was gender since men presented longer clavicles and higher differences than women.

Resumo Objetivo Realizar avaliação imagiológica com intuito de comprovar a existência ou não de simetria entre as clavículas de indivíduos saudáveis da cidade de Curitiba/PR, aliada à identificação de possíveis fatores de influência no comprimento clavicular. Método Foram analisadas tomografias computadorizadas de tórax de 211 pacientes sem fratura ou malformações na clavícula (100 mulheres e 111 homens). A maior diagonal clavicular foi medida em ambos os lados e o software gerou automaticamente a máxima distância em milímetros. Foram utilizadas frequências relativas e absolutas para descrever variáveis qualitativas e a média e intervalo de 95% de confiança para as quantitativas. As comparações foram feitas com o teste t de Student e correlações calculadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados Verificou-se diferença significativa entre o comprimento das clavículas (direita 143.58mm e esquerda 145.72mm, p = 0.037), indicando assimetria. Em média, o lado esquerdo é 3.71mm maior. A assimetria foi significativa tanto para homens quanto para mulheres (p < 0.001). A diferença média foi de 4.13mm para homens e 3.23mm para mulheres. 73% da amostra apresentou <5mm de diferença, enquanto 23.7% apresentou 5-10mm e 3.3% apresentou >10mm de assimetria. Conclusão Não foi possível encontrar simetria nas clavículas da população de Curitiba/PR. Em média, a clavícula esquerda é maior que a direita, com diferenças de 3.71mm na amostra geral, 3.23mm para mulheres e 4.13mm para homens. O único fator significativo foi o sexo, com homens tendo maiores comprimentos claviculares e maiores diferenças em comparação às mulheres.

Shoulder Arthroscopy - Creating an Affordable Training Model.

The present study created a cheap (below US$ 100) shoulder arthroscopy training model, affordable for the practical education of medical students and residents. The model was created using a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) knee joint pipe (150 mm in diameter and 90 degrees in inclination) and a synthetic shoulder model. The parts were arranged to simulate a lateral recumbency with the upper limb in traction, which is the frequent positioning during arthroscopies. Colored dots on the glenoid and a partial rotator cuff model on the upper portion of the scapula were placed to assist training. This inexpensive, easy-to-make model for shoulder arthroscopy can aid surgical training.

Shoulder Arthroscopy - Creating an Affordable Training Model / Artroscopia do ombro - Criação de um modelo de treinamento acessível

Abstract The present study created a cheap (below US$ 100) shoulder arthroscopy training model, affordable for the practical education of medical students and residents. The model was created using a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) knee joint pipe (150 mm in diameter and 90 degrees in inclination) and a synthetic shoulder model. The parts were arranged to simulate a lateral recumbency with the upper limb in traction, which is the frequent positioning during arthroscopies. Colored dots on the glenoid and a partial rotator cuff model on the upper portion of the scapula were placed to assist training. This inexpensive, easy-to-make model for shoulder arthroscopy can aid surgical training.

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho é criar um modelo de treinamento em artroscopia de ombro de baixo custo abaixo de 100 dólares, tornando-o acessível à capacitação prática de estudantes de medicina e residentes. O modelo foi criado utilizando um cano de PVC de 150 mm de diâmetro em 90 graus e um modelo de ombro sintético. O posicionamento das peças foi disposto de forma a simular a posição de decúbito lateral com membro superior em tração, frequente nas artroscopias. Para auxiliar no treinamento, foram demarcados pontos coloridos na glenóide e foi confeccionado um modelo de parte do manguito rotador na porção superior da escápula. Foi possível confeccionar um modelo para treinamento de artroscopia do ombro com um valor abaixo de 100 dólares, de fácil manufatura, que pode ser um auxiliar no treinamento de cirurgiões.

Validation of an endoscopic flavectomy training model.

OBJECTIVE: to validate a lumbar spine endoscopic flavectomy simulator using the construct method and to assess the acceptability of the simulator in medical education. METHODS: thirty medical students and ten video-assisted surgery experienced orthopedists performed an endoscopic flavectomy procedure in the simulator. Time, look-downs, lost instruments, respect for the stipulated edge of the ligamentum flavum, regularity of the incision, GOALS checklist (Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills), and responses to the Likert Scale adapted for this study were analyzed. RESULTS: all variables differed between groups. Procedure time was shorter in the physician group (p < 0.001). Look-downs and instrument losses were seven times greater among students than physicians. Half of the students respected the designated incision limits, compared to 80% of the physicians. In the student group, about 30% of the incisions were regular, compared to 100% in the physician group (p < 0.001). The physicians performed better in all GOALS checklist domains. All the physicians and more than 96% of the students considered the activity enjoyable, and approximately 90% believed that the model was realistic and could contribute to medical education. CONCLUSIONS: the simulator could differentiate the groups' experience level, indicating construct validity, and both groups reported high acceptability.

Construct Validity and Experience of Using a Low-cost Arthroscopic Knee Surgery Simulator.

OBJECTIVE: To validate an affordable and easily reproducible arthroscopic knee surgery simulator made from simple, low-cost materials by demonstrating its ability to distinguish experienced from novice arthroscopists (i.e., construct validity). Additionally, acceptance and usefulness of the simulator in medical training and education were assessed. DESIGN: The simulator was used to perform a partial meniscectomy in both menisci. External and intra-articular images obtained during the procedures were used to assess objective visual parameters. The Arthroscopic Surgical Skill Evaluation Tool and a Likert scale addressing individual perceptions about the simulator and its applicability in medical education were also used. SETTING: The study was conducted at Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, a teaching hospital in southern Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty sixth-year medical students were recruited, as well as 10 orthopedic surgeons who had knee arthroscopy expertise and were members of a sports traumatology and knee arthroscopy group. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the groups in all objective parameters. The mean time to perform the procedure was 60% higher among students compared to surgeons. Students needed 72.5% more time on average to perform triangulations and obtained an error rate approximately twice higher in the assessment of the area removed from the menisci. Regarding Arthroscopic Surgical Skill Evaluation Tool scores, statistically significant differences were found between surgeons and students in all 8 domains and in the total score. The simulator was well accepted, as over 90% of participants found it useful for education and training, believed it contributed to teaching and assessing specific surgical steps and procedures, and reported that the task was enjoyable. CONCLUSIONS: The arthroscopic knee surgery simulator was largely accepted and had good applicability in objective measurement of surgical skills, distinguishing medical students from orthopedic surgeons and thus demonstrating construct validity.

Validation of an endoscopic flavectomy training model / Validação de modelo de treinamento de flavectomia endoscópica

ABSTRACT Objective: to validate a lumbar spine endoscopic flavectomy simulator using the construct method and to assess the acceptability of the simulator in medical education. Methods: thirty medical students and ten video-assisted surgery experienced orthopedists performed an endoscopic flavectomy procedure in the simulator. Time, look-downs, lost instruments, respect for the stipulated edge of the ligamentum flavum, regularity of the incision, GOALS checklist (Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills), and responses to the Likert Scale adapted for this study were analyzed. Results: all variables differed between groups. Procedure time was shorter in the physician group (p < 0.001). Look-downs and instrument losses were seven times greater among students than physicians. Half of the students respected the designated incision limits, compared to 80% of the physicians. In the student group, about 30% of the incisions were regular, compared to 100% in the physician group (p < 0.001). The physicians performed better in all GOALS checklist domains. All the physicians and more than 96% of the students considered the activity enjoyable, and approximately 90% believed that the model was realistic and could contribute to medical education. Conclusions: the simulator could differentiate the groups' experience level, indicating construct validity, and both groups reported high acceptability.

RESUMO Objetivo: validar um simulador de flavectomia endoscópica da coluna lombar por meio do método de constructo e, analisar a aceitação do simulador no ensino médico. Métodos: trinta estudantes de medicina e dez ortopedistas com experiência em videocirurgia realizaram um procedimento de flavectomia endoscópica no simulador. Foram analisados tempo, look-downs, perdas de instrumentos, respeito ao limite estipulado no ligamento amarelo, contorno regular do corte, checklist GOALS (Global Operative Assessment of Laparaoscopic Skills) e respostas à Escala de Likert adaptada para este estudo. Resultados: todas as variáveis diferiram entre os grupos. O tempo do procedimento foi menor no grupo dos médicos (p < 0,001). Look-downs e perdas de instrumentos foram sete vezes superiores entre os alunos do que entre os médicos. Metade dos alunos respeitou os limites de incisão designados, em comparação a 80% dos médicos. No grupo dos alunos, cerca de 30% das incisões foram regulares, em comparação a 100% no grupo dos médicos (p < 0,001). Os médicos tiveram melhor desempenho em todos os domínios da checklist GOALS. Todos os médicos e 96% dos alunos consideraram a atividade prazerosa, e cerca de 90% consideraram que o modelo era realista e poderia contribuir para o ensino médico. Conclusões: o simulador foi capaz de diferenciar o nível de experiência dos grupos, indicando a validade do construto, e ambos os grupos relataram alta aceitação.

Bilateral Erecta Luxation: A Case Report and Literature Review.

CASE: A 69-year-old man fell from a height, resulting in direct axial loading while both shoulders were fully abducted. He was referred to the surgical ward, and both shoulders were reduced by closed reduction using the traction-countertraction maneuver. After little improvement of complaints of pain in the right shoulder over 45 days, magnetic resonance demonstrated traumatic rupture of the supraspinatus. CONCLUSION: Inferior dislocation (luxation erecta) is an uncommon event, with bilateral dislocation being even rarer. Treatment should be initiated urgently via closed reduction or, if this is not possible, through open reduction. The long-term prognosis is favorable after appropriate treatment.

INTER/INTRA-OBSERVER EVALUATION BETWEEN RADIOGRAPHS AND TOMOGRAPHIES FOR PROXIMAL HUMERUS FRACTURE.

OBJECTIVE: The use of images in 3D reconstruction is an instrument that facilitates the interpretation of the fracture, observations of deviations, rotations and articular surface. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the inter-observer and intra-observer reliability of the Neer x AO proximal humerus fracture classification on radiographs versus computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction (3D). METHODS: We evaluated the digital radiographs (anteroposterior and profile) and computerized tomography with 3D reconstruction of patients presenting with a proximal humerus fracture, surgically treated at an Orthopedics and Traumatology Service. All radiographs and computed tomography were classified (Neer and AO) by eight (8) orthopedic surgeons, specialists in the upper limb and sent, following the pre-established numeration by the author, in a spreadsheet to the author of the study. RESULTS: The Neer and AO scores were more reproducible when determined by computed tomography with 3D reconstruction, mainly in fractures of greater complexity (Neer 4 parts and AO group C). However, in absolute values, inter and intra-observer reproducibility and concordance still remain low. CONCLUSION: Computed tomography with 3D reconstruction allows a better analysis of fractures of group C and Neer 4 parts. However, the inter and intra-observer agreement does not increase significantly in comparison to the radiographs. Level of evidence III, Study of non-consecutive patients, without gold standard, applied uniformly.

OBJETIVO: O uso de imagens em reconstrução 3D são um instrumento facilitador na interpretação da fratura, observações dos desvios, rotações e superfície articular. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a confiabilidade inter-observador e intra-observador da classificação da fratura de úmero proximal, descrita por Neer x AO, em radiografias versus tomografias computadorizadas com reconstrução tridimensional (3D). MÉTODOS: Avaliamos as radiografias digitais (anteroposterior e perfil) e tomografias computadorizadas com reconstrução 3D de pacientes que apresentavam fratura de úmero proximal, tratados cirurgicamente em um Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. Todas as radiografias e tomografias computadorizadas foram classificadas (Neer e AO) por oito (8) cirurgiões ortopédicos especialistas em membro superior e enviadas, seguindo a numeração pré-estabelecida pelo autor, em uma planilha para o autor do trabalho. RESULTADOS: A classificação de Neer e AO foram mais reprodutíveis quando determinadas pela tomografia computadorizada com reconstrução 3D, principalmente em fraturas de maior complexidade (Neer 4 partes e AO grupo C). Porém, em valores absolutos, a reprodutibilidade e concordância inter e intraobservador ainda permanecem baixas. CONCLUSÃO: A tomografia com reconstrução 3D, permite uma melhor análise das fraturas do grupo C e Neer 4 partes. Entretanto, não aumenta significativamente a concordância global inter e intraobservador em comparação as radiografias. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos, sem padrão ouro, aplicados uniformemente.

O videogame e a performance em cirurgia por vídeo / Video games and performance in video surgery

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a relação do uso do videogame e o desenvolvimento de habilidades cirúrgicas. Material e Método: Foi utilizado a base de dados da MEDLINE e SciELO para pesquisa. Após a leitura completa dos artigos, alguns outros artigos foram buscados pelas referências. Resultados: Na revisão foram encontrados 919 artigos compatíveis com a estratégia de busca. Após a leitura do resumo foram selecionados 34 artigos que tinham alguma relação com videogame e performance em cirurgia. Conclusões: A relação do uso do videogame e o desenvolvimento de habilidades cirúrgicas tem evidências científicas pobres. O uso dos jogos eletrônicos, como aquecimento, para melhorar a eficiência em cirurgia, tem respaldo na literatura.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to review the literature concerning the relationship between videogame training and the development of surgical abilities. Method: The electronic databases of MEDLINE and SciELO were searched for relevant studies. Additional studies were included based on the references of the previous studies. Results: Nine hundred and nineteen studies were found. After reading the abstracts, 34 studies were selected and included in this study. Conclusions: there is little existing evidence relating videogame training and the development of surgical abilities. However, warming up with videogame training seems improve surgical efficiency. It can be concluded that, before the first surgery, warming up with videogame training can be useful to improve surgical efficiency.

Kirschner Wire Migration after the Treatment of Acromioclavicular Luxation for the Contralateral Shoulder - Case Report.

The use of metal wires, called Kirschner wires, is a simple and effective fixation method for the correction of shoulder fractures and of dislocations in orthopedic surgery. Wire migration during the postoperative follow-up is a possible complication of the procedure. The authors present the case of a 48-year-old male patient, a business administrator, who suffered a fall from his own height during a soccer match resulting in right shoulder trauma. The patient was treated at a specialized orthopedics and trauma hospital and was diagnosed with a grade V acromioclavicular dislocation. Four days after the trauma, the acromioclavicular dislocation was surgically treated using ligatures with anchor wires, coracoacromial ligament transfer, and fixation with Kirshner wires from the acromion to the clavicle. At the follow-up, 12 days after the surgical procedure, migration of the Kirschner wire to the acromion edge was identified. The patient was oriented to undergo another surgery to remove the Kirshner wire, due to the possibility of further migration; nonetheless, he refused the surgery. Nine months after the surgical treatment, the patient complained of pain on the left shoulder (contralateral side), difficulty to mobilize the shoulder, ecchymosis, and protrusion. Bilateral radiographs demonstrated that the Kirschner wire, originally from the right shoulder, was on the left side. The patient then underwent a successful surgery to remove the implant.

Kirschner Wire Migration after the Treatment of Acromioclavicular Luxation for the Contralateral Shoulder - Case Report / Migração do fio de Kirschner após o tratamento da luxação acromioclavicular para o ombro contralateral - relato de caso

Abstract The use of metal wires, called Kirschner wires, is a simple and effective fixation method for the correction of shoulder fractures and of dislocations in orthopedic surgery.Wire migration during the postoperative follow-up is a possible complication of the procedure. The authors present the case of a 48-year-old male patient, a business administrator, who suffered a fall from his own height during a soccer match resulting in right shoulder trauma. The patient was treated at a specialized orthopedics and trauma hospital and was diagnosed with a grade V acromioclavicular dislocation. Four days after the trauma, the acromioclavicular dislocation was surgically treated using ligatures with anchor wires, coracoacromial ligament transfer, and fixation with Kirshner wires from the acromion to the clavicle. At the follow-up, 12 days after the surgical procedure, migration of the Kirschner wire to the acromion edge was identified. The patient was oriented to undergo another surgery to remove the Kirshner wire, due to the possibility of further migration; nonetheless, he refused the surgery. Nine months after the surgical treatment, the patient complained of pain on the left shoulder (contralateral side), difficulty tomobilize the shoulder, ecchymosis, and protrusion. Bilateral radiographs demonstrated that the Kirschner wire, originally from the right shoulder, was on the left side. The patient then underwent a successful surgery to remove the implant.

Resumo O uso dos fios metálicos, denominados fios de Kirschner, é um método de fixação simples e eficaz para a correção de fraturas e luxações do ombro na cirurgia ortopédica. Uma das possíveis complicações é a migração do fio durante o acompanhamento pósoperatório. Os autores apresentam um caso de um paciente masculino de 48 anos, administrador, que sofreu uma queda de mesmo nível com trauma em ombro direito durante uma partida de futebol. Atendido emumhospital de referência de ortopedia e traumatologia, foi diagnosticada luxação acromioclavicular grau V. Quatro dias após o trauma, fez-se o tratamento cirúrgico da luxação acromioclavicular com amarrilhos com fios de âncora, transferência do ligamento coracoacromial e fixação com fio de Kirchner do acrômio à clavícula. No retorno, 12 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico, identificou-se amigração do fio de Kirschner do bordo do acrômio. Apesar de orientado a se submeter a cirurgia para remoção do fio, o paciente se recusou.Novemeses após o tratamento cirúrgico, o paciente apresentou dores no ombro esquerdo (lado contralateral), dificuldade para mobilizar o ombro, equimose e saliência. Foram feitas radiografias bilaterais e foi constatado que o fio de Kirschner, originalmente no ombro direito, estava no ombro contralateral. Fez-se então cirurgia para remoção do implante, com sucesso.

Evaluation of the surgical treatment of humeral shaft fractures and comparison between surgical fixation methods.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to analyze the surgical results of humeral shaft fracture treatment and describe its epidemiology. METHODS: Retrospective study that identified all patients treated with surgical fixation of humeral shaft fractures between December of 2014 and June of 2016 in a trauma reference center. All medical records were reviewed in search of epidemiological data referent to the trauma and post-operative results, including radiographic healing of the fracture and related complications. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients were included, mostly male (78.4%), with an average age of 35.02 years. The most common trauma mechanism was a traffic accident (56.9%) followed by same-level falls (17.6%). No statistically significant difference was found between healing time comparing surgical fixation techniques, including open reduction and internal fixation, minimally invasive technique, intramedullary nailing, and external fixation. CONCLUSION: Although each technique has inherent advantages and disadvantages, all fixation methods proved to be adequate options for the surgical treatment of humeral shaft fractures with high rates of healing and low rates of post-operative complications.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil dos pacientes com fraturas diafisárias do úmero, bem como analisar os resultados das diferentes modalidades cirúrgicas. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo baseado na identificação de todos os casos de fraturas diafisárias de úmero submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico entre dezembro de 2014 e junho de 2016 em um serviço de referência em trauma, bem como na análise dos respectivos prontuários, e que buscou dados epidemiológicos referentes ao trauma e resultados pós-operatórios, inclusive tempo de consolidação e complicações relacionadas. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 51 pacientes, dos quais a maioria do sexo masculino (78,4%), com média de 35,02 anos. O mecanismo de trauma mais prevalente foram acidentes de trânsito (56,9%), seguidos de quedas de mesmo nível (17,6%). Não foi encontrada diferença significante entre o tempo de consolidação dos diferentes métodos, inclusive redução aberta e fixação interna com placa e parafusos, técnica minimamente invasiva com placa em ponte, haste intramedular e fixação externa. CONCLUSÕES: Todos os métodos cirúrgicos avaliados mostraram-se adequadas opções para o tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas da diáfise do úmero, ainda que tenham vantagens e desvantagens inerentes a cada técnica, com altas taxas de consolidação e poucas complicações relatadas.

Evaluation of the surgical treatment of humeral shaft fractures and comparison between surgical fixation methods / Avaliação das fraturas diafisárias do úmero tratadas cirurgicamente e comparação entre os métodos de fixação cirúrgica

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the surgical results of humeral shaft fracture treatment and describe its epidemiology. Methods: Retrospective study that identified all patients treated with surgical fixation of humeral shaft fractures between December of 2014 and June of 2016 in a trauma reference center. All medical records were reviewed in search of epidemiological data referent to the trauma and post-operative results, including radiographic healing of the fracture and related complications. Results: Fifty-one patients were included, mostly male (78.4%), with an average age of 35.02 years. The most common trauma mechanism was a traffic accident (56.9%) followed by same-level falls (17.6%). No statistically significant difference was found between healing time comparing surgical fixation techniques, including open reduction and internal fixation, minimally invasive technique, intramedullary nailing, and external fixation. Conclusion: Although each technique has inherent advantages and disadvantages, all fixation methods proved to be adequate options for the surgical treatment of humeral shaft fractures with high rates of healing and low rates of post-operative complications.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos pacientes com fraturas diafisárias do úmero, bem como analisar os resultados das diferentes modalidades cirúrgicas. Método: Estudo retrospectivo baseado na identificação de todos os casos de fraturas diafisárias de úmero submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico entre dezembro de 2014 e junho de 2016 em um serviço de referência em trauma, bem como na análise dos respectivos prontuários, e que buscou dados epidemiológicos referentes ao trauma e resultados pós-operatórios, inclusive tempo de consolidação e complicações relacionadas. Resultados: Foram incluídos 51 pacientes, dos quais a maioria do sexo masculino (78,4%), com média de 35,02 anos. O mecanismo de trauma mais prevalente foram acidentes de trânsito (56,9%), seguidos de quedas de mesmo nível (17,6%). Não foi encontrada diferença significante entre o tempo de consolidação dos diferentes métodos, inclusive redução aberta e fixação interna com placa e parafusos, técnica minimamente invasiva com placa em ponte, haste intramedular e fixação externa. Conclusões: Todos os métodos cirúrgicos avaliados mostraram-se adequadas opções para o tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas da diáfise do úmero, ainda que tenham vantagens e desvantagens inerentes a cada técnica, com altas taxas de consolidação e poucas complicações relatadas.

Influence of corticoids on healing of the rotator cuff of rats – biomechanical study

Objective: To compare healing strength of the infraspinatus tendon of rats with corticoid inoculation, regarding maximum tension, maximum force and rupture force, after injury and experimental repair. Methods: A total of 60 Wistar rats were subjected to tenotomy of the infraspinatus tendon, which was then sutured. Before the surgery, they were divided into a control group (C) inoculated with serum and a study group (S) inoculated with corticoids over the tendon. After repair, the rats were sacrificed in groups of 10 individuals in the control group and 10 in the study group at the times of one week (C1 and S1), three weeks (C3 and S3) and five weeks (C5 and S5). The rats were dissected, separating out the infraspinatus tendon with the humerus. The study specimens were subjected to a traction test, with evaluation of the maximum tension (kgf/cm2), maximum force (kgf) and rupture force (kgf), comparing the study group with the respective control groups. Results: Among the rats sacrificed one week after the procedure, we observed greater maximum tension in group C1 than in group S1. The variables of maximum force (kgf) and rupture force did not differ statistically between the groups investigated. In the same way, among the rats sacrificed three weeks after the procedure, group C3 only showed greater maximum tension than group S3 (p = 0.007), and the other variables did not present differences. Among the rats sacrificed five weeks after the procedure (C5 and S5), none of the parameters studied presented statistical differences. Conclusion: We concluded that corticoid diminished the resistance to maximum tension in the groups sacrificed one and three weeks after the procedure, in comparison with the respective control groups. The other parameters did not show differences between the study and control groups...

Objetivo: Comparar a resistência da cicatrização, com relação a tensão máxima, força máxima e força de ruptura, do tendão infraespinhal de ratos submetidos a inoculação de corticoides após a lesão e a reparos experimentais. Métodos: Foram submetidos 60 ratos Wistar a tenotomia do tendão infraespinhal e suturados. Previamente à cirurgia foram divididos em grupo controle (C), inoculados com soro, e grupo de estudo (E), inoculados com corticoides sobre o tendão. Após o reparo os ratos foram sacrificados em grupos de 10 indivíduos do grupo controle e 10 do grupo de estudo em intervalos de uma semana (C1 e E1), três semanas (C3 e E3) e cinco semanas (C5 e E5). Os ratos foram dissecados com a separação do tendão infraespinhal do úmero. As peças de estudo foram submetidas a teste de tração e avaliadas – tensão máxima (kgf/cm2), força máxima (kgf) e força de ruptura (kgf) – e comparando os grupos de estudo com os grupos controle. Resultados: Dentre os ratos sacrificados com uma semana observamos maior tensão máxima do grupo C1 em comparação com o grupo E1. As variáveis força máxima (kgf) e força de ruptura (kgf) não diferiram estatisticamente entre os grupos pesquisados. Da mesma forma, nos ratos sacrificados com três semanas o grupo C3 mostrou apenas resistência maior na tensão máxima em comparação com o grupo E3 (p = 0,007). As demais variáveis não apresentaram diferenças. Nos ratos sacrificados com cinco semanas (C5 e E5), nenhum dos parâmetros estudados apresentou diferenças estatísticas. Conclusão: A inoculação com corticoide sobre o manguito rotador levou a diminuição da resistência a tensão máxima da cicatriz...

Influence of corticoids on healing of the rotator cuff of rats - biomechanical study.

OBJECTIVE: to compare healing strength of the infraspinatus tendon of rats with corticoid inoculation, regarding maximum tension, maximum force and rupture force, after injury and experimental repair. METHODS: a total of 60 Wistar rats were subjected to tenotomy of the infraspinatus tendon, which was then sutured. Before the surgery, they were divided into a control group (C) inoculated with serum and a study group (S) inoculated with corticoids over the tendon. After repair, the rats were sacrificed in groups of 10 individuals in the control group and 10 in the study group at the times of one week (C1 and S1), three weeks (C3 and S3) and five weeks (C5 and S5). The rats were dissected, separating out the infraspinatus tendon with the humerus. The study specimens were subjected to a traction test, with evaluation of the maximum tension (kgf/cm(2)), maximum force (kgf) and rupture force (kgf), comparing the study group with the respective control groups. RESULTS: among the rats sacrificed one week after the procedure, we observed greater maximum tension in group C1 than in group S1. The variables of maximum force (kgf) and rupture force did not differ statistically between the groups investigated. In the same way, among the rats sacrificed three weeks after the procedure, group C3 only showed greater maximum tension than group S3 (p = 0.007), and the other variables did not present differences. Among the rats sacrificed five weeks after the procedure (C5 and S5), none of the parameters studied presented statistical differences. CONCLUSION: we concluded that corticoid diminished the resistance to maximum tension in the groups sacrificed one and three weeks after the procedure, in comparison with the respective control groups. The other parameters did not show differences between the study and control groups.

OBJETIVO: comparar a resistência da cicatrização, com relação a tensão máxima, força máxima e força de ruptura, do tendão infraespinhal de ratos submetidos a inoculação de corticoides após a lesão e a reparos experimentais. MÉTODOS: foram submetidos 60 ratos Wistar a tenotomia do tendão infraespinhal e suturados. Previamente à cirurgia foram divididos em grupo controle (C), inoculados com soro, e grupo de estudo (E), inoculados com corticoides sobre o tendão. Após o reparo os ratos foram sacrificados em grupos de 10 indivíduos do grupo controle e 10 do grupo de estudo em intervalos de uma semana (C1 e E1), três semanas (C3 e E3) e cinco semanas (C5 e E5). Os ratos foram dissecados com a separação do tendão infraespinhal do úmero. As peças de estudo foram submetidas a teste de tração e avaliadas ­ tensão máxima (kgf/cm2), força máxima (kgf) e força de ruptura (kgf) ­ e comparando os grupos de estudo com os grupos controle. RESULTADOS: dentre os ratos sacrificados com uma semana observamos maior tensão máxima do grupo C1 em comparação com o grupo E1. As variáveis força máxima (kgf) e força de ruptura (kgf) não diferiram estatisticamente entre os grupos pesquisados. Da mesma forma, nos ratos sacrificados com três semanas o grupo C3 mostrou apenas resistência maior na tensão máxima em comparação com o grupo E3 (p = 0.007). As demais variáveis não apresentaram diferenças. Nos ratos sacrificados com cinco semanas (C5 e E5), nenhum dos parâmetros estudados apresentou diferenças estatísticas. CONCLUSÃO: a inoculação com corticoide sobre o manguito rotador levou a diminuição da resistência a tensão máxima da cicatriz pós reparo cirúrgico experimental em uma e três semanas em comparação com os respectivos grupos controle. Os demais parâmetros não tiveram diferença entre os grupos de estudo e os grupos controle.

Uso de enxerto ósseo autólogo de cabeça femoral em artroplastia total de quadril primária / The use of femoral head autograft in primary total hip arthroplasty

A artroplastia total de quadril em pacientes com displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril ou com deficiência óssea na porção súpero-lateral do acetábulo apresenta problemas técnicos devido à falta de cobertura óssea do componente acetabular. Dentre as diversas técnicas cirúrgicas descritas para esses casos está o uso de enxerto autólogo da cabeça femoral ressecada com a finalidade de aumentar a cobertura. Os autores apresentam sua experiência com essa técnica cirúrgica, em um estudo de 16 quadris em 13 pacientes operados de outubro de 1988 a junho de 1993, com seguimento pós-operatório médio de sete anos e quatro meses (mínimo de cinco anos e dois meses e máximo de dez anos e dois meses). Obtiveram bons e excelentes resultados clínicos em 87,5 por cento dos casos e um índice de revisões realizadas ou indicadas da artroplastia de 12,5 por cento (dois pacientes). Sinais radiográficos sugestivos de soltura asséptica foram observados em quatro quadris (25,0 por cento). Há uma vantagem potencial de que a revisão cirúrgica eventual seria facilitada pelo aumento do estoque ósseo acetabular. Os resultados obtidos sugerem ser essa uma técnica apropriada, no tempo de seguimento mínimo de cinco anos, para artroplastias totais de quadril em pacientes com deficiência de cobertura acetabular.